[Infowarrior] - Passport cards called security vulnerability

[Richard Forno]

Article published May 16, 2008
Passport cards called security vulnerability

http://www.washingtontimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080516/NATION/662238118/1001&template=printart

May 16, 2008

By Bill Gertz

THE WASHINGTON TIMES - The State Department will soon begin production  
of an electronic passport card that security specialists and members  
of Congress fear will be vulnerable to alteration or counterfeiting.

The agency has contracted with L-1 Identity Solutions Inc. to produce  
electronic-passport cards as a substitute for booklet passports for  
use by Americans who travel frequently by road or sea to Canada,  
Mexico and the Caribbean.

About the size of a credit card, the electronic-passport card displays  
a photo of the user and a radio frequency identification (RFID) chip  
containing data about the user. The State Department announced  
recently that it will begin producing the cards next month and issue  
the first ones in July.

Security specialists told The Washington Times that the electronic- 
passport card can be copied or altered easily by removing the  
photograph with solvent and replacing it with one from an unauthorized  
user.

James Hesse, former chief intelligence officer for the Immigration and  
Customs Enforcement Forensic Document Laboratory, which monitors  
fraudulent government documents, said the card should have been  
designed with a special optical security strip to make it secure and  
prevent counterfeiting. The selection of a card with an RFID chip is  
"an extremely risky decision," Mr. Hesse said in an interview.

"The optical strip has never been compromised," he said. "It's the  
most secure medium out there to store data."

Joel Lisker, a former FBI agent who spent 18 years countering credit- 
card fraud at MasterCard, said the new cards pose a serious threat to  
U.S. security. "There really is no security with these cards," he said.

Mr. Lisker, a consultant to a competitor for the electronic-passport  
card contract, said the State Department's selection of the RFID card  
shows it favors speedy processing at entry points more than security.  
He charged that the department "will not make changes until it is  
satisfied that compromises are occurring on a regular basis."

The State Department rejected a more secure card because it is  
"surrendering to speed over security, essentially creating new  
vulnerabilities. ... It will not take long for the bad guys to figure  
out which ports have readability and which do not," he said.

Steve Royster, a State Department spokesman, declined to comment.

Another State Department official, however, said the agency thinks the  
RFID passport card is secure.

"The passport card is the result of an interagency effort to produce  
the most durable, secure and tamper-resistant card for the American  
public using state-of-the-art, laser-engraving and security features,"  
said the official, who spoke on the condition that he not be identified.

Members of Congress have raised concerns about the new card in a  
bipartisan letter to Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and Homeland  
Security Secretary Michael Chertoff.

"We have serious concerns regarding the final card chosen for the  
Passport Card," the April 25 letter states. It was written by Reps.  
Brian P. Bilbray, California Republican, and Christopher Carney,  
Pennsylvania Democrat. Seventeen Republicans and one Democrat signed  
the letter.

"Each card will carry the same rights and privileges of the U.S.  
passport book with the exception of international air travel. As such,  
the cards will be used not only to cross the border, they will also be  
used throughout the interior United States as proof of citizenship and  
identity in everyday transactions; as a proof of identity in  
[Transportation Security Administration] lines, to enter federal  
buildings, to engage in financial transactions, and to obtain driver's  
licenses," the letter said.

The lawmakers noted that the bipartisan Sept. 11 commission final  
report stated that "travel documents are as important as weapons" for  
global terrorists.

In a separate letter to the State Department on May 2, Mr. Carney  
asked for a briefing on the passport cards, saying "we need to have  
confidence that these cards cannot be compromised by terrorists, drug  
smugglers, human traffickers and others who would break our laws and  
do us harm."

The State Department considered a prototype passport card designed by  
General Dynamics that used the optical security strip but rejected the  
option, preferring a passport card that contains an RFID chip made in  
Europe.

An optical security strip appears as a dark, 1-inch-wide line on the  
top of a card. Close inspection of the strip reveals ultra-high  
resolution images that security specialists say cannot be  
counterfeited and can be identified easily by border officials.  
Security specialists say the strip is needed to boost the security  
features of the RFID chip in the passport cards.

L-1 Identity Solutions announced in March that it won the State  
Department contract, which has an estimated value of $107 million over  
five years.

The cards are intended for use by travelers in U.S. border communities  
as a "less expensive and more portable alternative to the traditional  
passport book," according to the State Department Web site. The cards  
are not valid for entry into the United States by travelers arriving  
by aircraft.

Mr. Hesse, the former Forensic Document Laboratory intelligence chief,  
stated in a 2006 letter to Mr. Chertoff that he is "seriously alarmed"  
by the use of RFID technology on the passport card. He also noted that  
the U.S. permanent residence and border-crossing cards that use the  
optical security strip are being phased out.

"With my 30-plus years experience in the field of travel and identity  
document security, this is, in my opinion, a shortsighted and  
extremely risky decision," Mr. Hesse stated.

Because the passport card will be widely accepted as an official  
travel document for entry into the country, "this card will definitely  
become the document of choice for counterfeiters," Mr. Hesse said.

"Why would a non-U.S. citizen even bother to counterfeit the green  
card? The PassCard makes you a U.S. citizen and gives you the access  
to and/or the privileges mentioned above," he stated. "Therefore, it  
should be imperative that the U.S. government produce and provide the  
most secure card as possible."

Brian Zimmer, a former House Judiciary Committee investigator, said  
the new passport cards lack sufficient security features because the  
State Department did not demand them of the contractor, L-1 Identity  
Solutions.

"It's critical that the passport card be made highly counterfeit- 
resistant," said Mr. Zimmer, now head of the Coalition for a Secure  
Driver's License. "The State Department should address these  
deficiencies and change the contract so the manufacturer can address  
them." Mr. Zimmer was for a time a consultant on the passport card to  
a subcontractor of General Dynamics.

Frank Moss, a former State Department passport office official who is  
now a consultant to L-1, said the State Department and the Department  
of Homeland Security set the specifications for the contract.

"It was government security experts who determined the  
specifications," Mr. Moss said in an interview. "The optical stripe,  
quite honestly, was never used as a stand-alone security feature."

The federal government plans to supply only 39 ports of entry with  
equipment capable of checking the validity of the cards with  
electronic scanners. More than 300 other entry points will not have  
the RFID chip readers.

Kelly Klundt, a spokeswoman for U.S. Customs and Border Protection,  
said the deployment of passport card readers to the largest and  
busiest 39 border-entry points was intended to expedite travel. The  
more than 300 remaining points of entry without passport card scanners  
are in remote locations, and officials will visually inspect passport  
cards at those entry points, she said.

"Just because there aren't RFID readers at every entry point doesn't  
mean we don't inspect [the passport cards]," she said.